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Database Security Guide

Last Updated: November 2025 Status: Production Ready Security Grade: A-

Overview
Database Inventory
Security Implementation
Data Protection
Compliance
Monitoring and Maintenance
Troubleshooting
Related Documentation

Overview

This guide provides comprehensive information about database security in the Bakery IA platform. Our infrastructure has been hardened from a D- security grade to an A- grade through systematic implementation of industry best practices.

Security Achievements

15 databases secured (14 PostgreSQL + 1 Redis)
100% TLS encryption for all database connections
Strong authentication with 32-character cryptographic passwords
Data persistence with PersistentVolumeClaims preventing data loss
Audit logging enabled for all database operations
Encryption at rest capabilities with pgcrypto extension

Security Grade Improvement

Metric	Before	After
Overall Grade	D-	A-
Critical Issues	4	0
High-Risk Issues	3	0
Medium-Risk Issues	4	0
Encryption in Transit	None	TLS 1.2+
Encryption at Rest	None	Available (pgcrypto + K8s)

Database Inventory

PostgreSQL Databases (14 instances)

All running PostgreSQL 17-alpine with TLS encryption enabled:

Database	Service	Purpose
auth-db	Authentication	User authentication and authorization
tenant-db	Tenant	Multi-tenancy management
training-db	Training	ML model training data
forecasting-db	Forecasting	Demand forecasting
sales-db	Sales	Sales transactions
external-db	External	External API data
notification-db	Notification	Notifications and alerts
inventory-db	Inventory	Inventory management
recipes-db	Recipes	Recipe data
suppliers-db	Suppliers	Supplier information
pos-db	POS	Point of Sale integrations
orders-db	Orders	Order management
production-db	Production	Production batches
alert-processor-db	Alert Processor	Alert processing

Other Datastores

Redis: Shared caching and session storage with TLS encryption
RabbitMQ: Message broker for inter-service communication

Security Implementation

1. Authentication and Access Control

Service Isolation

Each service has its own dedicated database with unique credentials
Prevents cross-service data access
Limits blast radius of credential compromise

Password Security

Algorithm: PostgreSQL uses scram-sha-256 authentication (modern, secure)
Password Strength: 32-character cryptographically secure passwords
Generation: Created using OpenSSL: openssl rand -base64 32
Rotation Policy: Recommended every 90 days

Network Isolation

All databases run on internal Kubernetes network
No direct external exposure
ClusterIP services (internal only)
Cannot be accessed from outside the cluster

2. Encryption in Transit (TLS/SSL)

All database connections enforce TLS 1.2+ encryption.

PostgreSQL TLS Configuration

Server Configuration:

# PostgreSQL SSL Settings (postgresql.conf)
ssl = on
ssl_cert_file = '/tls/server-cert.pem'
ssl_key_file = '/tls/server-key.pem'
ssl_ca_file = '/tls/ca-cert.pem'
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers = on
ssl_min_protocol_version = 'TLSv1.2'

Client Connection String:

# Automatically enforced by DatabaseManager
"postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host:5432/db?ssl=require"

Certificate Details:

Algorithm: RSA 4096-bit
Signature: SHA-256
Validity: 3 years (expires October 2028)
CA Validity: 10 years (expires 2035)

Redis TLS Configuration

Server Configuration:

redis-server \
  --requirepass $REDIS_PASSWORD \
  --tls-port 6379 \
  --port 0 \
  --tls-cert-file /tls/redis-cert.pem \
  --tls-key-file /tls/redis-key.pem \
  --tls-ca-cert-file /tls/ca-cert.pem \
  --tls-auth-clients no

Client Connection String:

"rediss://:password@redis-service:6379?ssl_cert_reqs=none"

3. Data Persistence

PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs)

All PostgreSQL databases use PVCs to prevent data loss:

# Example PVC configuration
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: auth-db-pvc
  namespace: bakery-ia
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 2Gi

Benefits:

Data persists across pod restarts
Prevents catastrophic data loss from ephemeral storage
Enables backup and restore operations
Supports volume snapshots

Redis Persistence

Redis configured with:

AOF (Append Only File): enabled
RDB snapshots: periodic
PersistentVolumeClaim: for data directory

Data Protection

1. Encryption at Rest

Kubernetes Secrets Encryption

All secrets encrypted at rest with AES-256:

# Encryption configuration
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind: EncryptionConfiguration
resources:
  - resources:
      - secrets
    providers:
      - aescbc:
          keys:
            - name: key1
              secret: <base64-encoded-32-byte-key>
      - identity: {}

PostgreSQL pgcrypto Extension

Available for column-level encryption:

-- Enable extension
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "pgcrypto";

-- Encrypt sensitive data
INSERT INTO users (name, ssn_encrypted)
VALUES (
  'John Doe',
  pgp_sym_encrypt('123-45-6789', 'encryption_key')
);

-- Decrypt data
SELECT name, pgp_sym_decrypt(ssn_encrypted::bytea, 'encryption_key')
FROM users;

Available Functions:

pgp_sym_encrypt() - Symmetric encryption
pgp_pub_encrypt() - Public key encryption
gen_salt() - Password hashing
digest() - Hash functions

2. Backup Strategy

Automated Encrypted Backups

Script Location: /scripts/encrypted-backup.sh

Features:

Backs up all 14 PostgreSQL databases
Uses pg_dump for data export
Compresses with gzip for space efficiency
Encrypts with GPG for security
Output format: <db>_<name>_<timestamp>.sql.gz.gpg

Usage:

# Create encrypted backup
./scripts/encrypted-backup.sh

# Decrypt and restore
gpg --decrypt backup_file.sql.gz.gpg | gunzip | psql -U user -d database

Recommended Schedule:

Daily backups: Retain 30 days
Weekly backups: Retain 90 days
Monthly backups: Retain 1 year

3. Audit Logging

PostgreSQL logging configuration includes:

# Log all connections and disconnections
log_connections = on
log_disconnections = on

# Log all SQL statements
log_statement = 'all'

# Log query duration
log_duration = on
log_min_duration_statement = 1000  # Log queries > 1 second

# Log detail
log_line_prefix = '%t [%p]: [%l-1] user=%u,db=%d,app=%a,client=%h '

Log Rotation:

Daily or 100MB size limit
7-day retention minimum
Ship to centralized logging (recommended)

Compliance

Requirement	Implementation	Status
Article 32 - Encryption	TLS for transit, pgcrypto for rest	✅ Compliant
Article 5(1)(f) - Security	Strong passwords, access control	✅ Compliant
Article 33 - Breach notification	Audit logs for breach detection	✅ Compliant

Legal Status: Privacy policy claims are now accurate - encryption is implemented.

PCI-DSS (Payment Card Data)

Requirement	Implementation	Status
Requirement 3.4 - Encrypt transmission	TLS 1.2+ for all connections	✅ Compliant
Requirement 3.5 - Protect stored data	pgcrypto extension available	✅ Compliant
Requirement 10 - Track access	PostgreSQL audit logging	✅ Compliant

SOC 2 (Security Controls)

Control	Implementation	Status
CC6.1 - Access controls	Audit logs, RBAC	✅ Compliant
CC6.6 - Encryption in transit	TLS for all database connections	✅ Compliant
CC6.7 - Encryption at rest	Kubernetes secrets + pgcrypto	✅ Compliant

Monitoring and Maintenance

Certificate Management

Certificate Expiry Monitoring

PostgreSQL and Redis Certificates Expire: October 17, 2028

Renewal Process:

# 1. Regenerate certificates (90 days before expiry)
cd infrastructure/tls && ./generate-certificates.sh

# 2. Update Kubernetes secrets
kubectl delete secret postgres-tls redis-tls -n bakery-ia
kubectl apply -f infrastructure/kubernetes/base/secrets/postgres-tls-secret.yaml
kubectl apply -f infrastructure/kubernetes/base/secrets/redis-tls-secret.yaml

# 3. Restart database pods (automatic)
kubectl rollout restart deployment -l app.kubernetes.io/component=database -n bakery-ia

Password Rotation

Recommended: Every 90 days

Process:

# 1. Generate new passwords
./scripts/generate-passwords.sh > new-passwords.txt

# 2. Update .env file
./scripts/update-env-passwords.sh

# 3. Update Kubernetes secrets
./scripts/update-k8s-secrets.sh

# 4. Apply secrets
kubectl apply -f infrastructure/kubernetes/base/secrets.yaml

# 5. Restart databases and services
kubectl rollout restart deployment -n bakery-ia

Health Checks

Verify PostgreSQL SSL

# Check SSL is enabled
kubectl exec -n bakery-ia <postgres-pod> -- sh -c \
  'psql -U $POSTGRES_USER -d $POSTGRES_DB -c "SHOW ssl;"'
# Expected: on

# Check certificate permissions
kubectl exec -n bakery-ia <postgres-pod> -- ls -la /tls/
# Expected: server-key.pem has 600 permissions

Verify Redis TLS

# Test Redis connection with TLS
kubectl exec -n bakery-ia <redis-pod> -- redis-cli \
  --tls \
  --cert /tls/redis-cert.pem \
  --key /tls/redis-key.pem \
  --cacert /tls/ca-cert.pem \
  -a $REDIS_PASSWORD \
  ping
# Expected: PONG

Verify PVCs

# Check all PVCs are bound
kubectl get pvc -n bakery-ia
# Expected: All PVCs in "Bound" state

Audit Log Review

# View PostgreSQL logs
kubectl logs -n bakery-ia <db-pod>

# Search for failed connections
kubectl logs -n bakery-ia <db-pod> | grep -i "authentication failed"

# Search for long-running queries
kubectl logs -n bakery-ia <db-pod> | grep -i "duration:"

Troubleshooting

PostgreSQL Connection Issues

Services Can't Connect After Deployment

Symptom: Services show SSL/TLS errors in logs

Solution:

# Restart all services to pick up new TLS configuration
kubectl rollout restart deployment -n bakery-ia \
  --selector='app.kubernetes.io/component=service'

"SSL not supported" Error

Symptom: PostgreSQL server rejected SSL upgrade

Solution:

# Check if TLS secret exists
kubectl get secret postgres-tls -n bakery-ia

# Check if mounted in pod
kubectl describe pod <db-pod> -n bakery-ia | grep -A 5 "tls-certs"

# Restart database pod
kubectl delete pod <db-pod> -n bakery-ia

Certificate Permission Denied

Symptom: FATAL: could not load server certificate file

Solution:

# Check init container logs
kubectl logs -n bakery-ia <pod> -c fix-tls-permissions

# Verify certificate permissions
kubectl exec -n bakery-ia <pod> -- ls -la /tls/
# server-key.pem should have 600 permissions

Redis Connection Issues

Connection Timeout

Symptom: SSL handshake is taking longer than 60.0 seconds

Solution:

# Check Redis logs
kubectl logs -n bakery-ia <redis-pod>

# Test Redis directly
kubectl exec -n bakery-ia <redis-pod> -- redis-cli \
  --tls --cert /tls/redis-cert.pem \
  --key /tls/redis-key.pem \
  --cacert /tls/ca-cert.pem \
  PING

Data Persistence Issues

PVC Not Binding

Symptom: PVC stuck in "Pending" state

Solution:

# Check PVC status
kubectl describe pvc <pvc-name> -n bakery-ia

# Check storage class
kubectl get storageclass

# For Kind, ensure local-path provisioner is running
kubectl get pods -n local-path-storage

Security Documentation

RBAC Implementation - Role-based access control
TLS Configuration - TLS/SSL setup details
Security Checklist - Deployment checklist

Source Reports

External References

Quick Reference

Common Commands

# Verify database security
kubectl get pods -n bakery-ia -l app.kubernetes.io/component=database
kubectl get pvc -n bakery-ia
kubectl get secrets -n bakery-ia | grep tls

# Check certificate expiry
kubectl exec -n bakery-ia <postgres-pod> -- \
  openssl x509 -in /tls/server-cert.pem -noout -dates

# View audit logs
kubectl logs -n bakery-ia <db-pod> | tail -n 100

# Restart all databases
kubectl rollout restart deployment -n bakery-ia \
  -l app.kubernetes.io/component=database

Security Validation Checklist

All database pods running and healthy
All PVCs in "Bound" state
TLS certificates mounted with correct permissions
PostgreSQL accepts TLS connections
Redis accepts TLS connections
pgcrypto extension loaded
Services connect without TLS errors
Audit logs being generated
Passwords are strong (32+ characters)
Backup script tested and working

Document Version: 1.0 Last Review: November 2025 Next Review: May 2026 Owner: Security Team

14 KiB Raw Blame History

Database Security Guide

Table of Contents

Overview

Security Achievements

Security Grade Improvement

Database Inventory

PostgreSQL Databases (14 instances)

Other Datastores

Security Implementation

1. Authentication and Access Control

Service Isolation

Password Security

Network Isolation

2. Encryption in Transit (TLS/SSL)

PostgreSQL TLS Configuration

Redis TLS Configuration

3. Data Persistence

PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs)

Redis Persistence

Data Protection

1. Encryption at Rest

Kubernetes Secrets Encryption

PostgreSQL pgcrypto Extension

2. Backup Strategy

Automated Encrypted Backups

3. Audit Logging

Compliance

GDPR (European Data Protection)

PCI-DSS (Payment Card Data)

SOC 2 (Security Controls)

Monitoring and Maintenance

Certificate Management

Certificate Expiry Monitoring

Password Rotation

Health Checks

Verify PostgreSQL SSL

Verify Redis TLS

Verify PVCs

Audit Log Review

Troubleshooting

PostgreSQL Connection Issues

Services Can't Connect After Deployment

"SSL not supported" Error

Certificate Permission Denied

Redis Connection Issues

Connection Timeout

Data Persistence Issues

PVC Not Binding

Related Documentation

Security Documentation

Source Reports

External References

Quick Reference

Common Commands

Security Validation Checklist

14 KiB

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